Expeditions
You will almost certainly be asked to carry your own compass but not necessarily your own map. If you are not the leader, a mid price compass will suffice. Actually you won't need a guide book, however, it's worth considering a book on plants and birds.
If most of your trip is in the outdoors a strong locking knife is best. In case an expedition is only a small part of your travels you may wish to choose a multifunctional knife.
Karabiners, whistle, gaffa tape, sewing kit, paracord, bungees, tent pegs, firelighters and all weather notebook are key. Plus, a large needle and thick thread to your sewing kit for equipment repairs. Also you may take a world radio that is a complete luxury although there's something very reassuring listening to the World Service when the going gets tough.
Overland
Unless you are traveling with a tour operator, you will need it all. Get a compass set for all zones, maps and guide books for each country you're spending time in. Guide books cover more than one country which is useful if you are covering large regions.
Take a multi-function knife or tool, which is very useful if you plan to stay in one place for any length of time or you are on a self-drive trip.
All bits and pieces should be prepared.
City
Get city guide books that are usually accurate and informative. They may not give you one big overall map but it's easy to pick one up when you arrive. Bring with you a simple button compass, it is a great idea as it's easy to lose your bearings.
A lighter-weight pocket knife will cover most eventualities – get one with scissors.
In case you are taking any electrical travel items you will need to take an adaptor and an alarm clock will stop you missing your flight.
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